After that, cat is used to –show-nonprinting ( -v) characters in the caret notation. In particular, the for loop within the Perl snippet goes through the characters with codes 0-255 ( ASCII) and shows each as a character, a decimal number, and a hexadecimal number. The code above pipes the output of a one-liner in perl to the cat command. One of the most common ways to produce and display non-character keys and key combinations is the caret notation: $ perl -e 'for(my $c = 0 $c < 256 $c++) ' | cat is 0 0 +-+Įven though only one key is Meta, the same term is used as a catch-all for modifiers and escape keys. | Fn | Function | change F-key functions | - | | ⌘ Cmd | Command | like Win for Mac | Mac | | ⊞ Win | Windows | Windows shortcuts | Win | | ❖ Super | Super | Win and Cmd predecessor | MIT, BSD | | ✦ Hyper | Hyper | MIT-specific meta key | MIT | | ◆ Meta | Meta | original modifier key | MIT, Sun | | ⌥ Option | Option | same as Alt | Mac | | ⇮ AltGr | Alternate | similar to Alt | Win | | ⎇ Alt | Alternate | alternate shortcuts | Win | | ⇧ Shift | Shift | change letter case | - | | ^ Ctrl | Control | common keyboard shortcuts | - | There can be many, but there are a number of well-known examples: +-+-+ In Linux, it provides a few Magic shortcuts.Modifiers can be keys or even key combinations that change the behavior of other keys when pressed along with them. It is sometimes, especially on newer notebooks, mapped to Fn+ Alt+ Print. The SysRq key is traditionally a label on the Print Screen key indicating its function if used with the modifier Alt. The Operating system can't detect whether fn is pressed or not. Examples for this include XF86AudioMute, XF86Eject and so on. Pressing Fn and another key causes an entirely different code to be sent to the operating system. It's a hardware key that's not directly interfaceable by the operating systems. For example, the four glyphs on my A key are a, A, æ and Æ.Īs they've been addressed in the comments: The first level is the lowercase, then it goes uppercase, Alt + something, and Alt + Shift + something. Each key on the keyboard has, potentially, four characters on it. The AltGr key I've mentioned is also called a third-level modifier. The Compose key (not a modifier, but a dead key), also called Multi, is often mapped to the Menu key or the right Windows key. The Alt key is sometimes called Option, as this is its equivalent on Macintosh keyboards The Windows key is also sometimes called Meta. The Macintosh keyboard has a completely different set of modifiers To test your keyboard, you can run xev - its terminal output will tell you what modifiers have been detected for your keyboard. I've tried to be somewhat specific to Gnome/X.org using a Windows-style keyboard with one of the more popular layouts. It's therefore almost impossible to generalise this information. However, by convention the Windows logo key is called Super, and it is not implemented as yet another modifier by X.org.įurthermore, the definition of modifier keys depends on: There is also Menu, Compose, AltGr, Greek, Front, X and others. Meta, Super and Hyper are not Linux's way of dealing with any modifier keys, but merely three of them specific to the Space Cadet keyboard. Note that GNOME and X.org implement many modifiers. In Ubuntu, its function is undefined (I think), but it can be mapped, as in the screen shot above, to, should it be needed. Hyper is the fourth (counting Ctrl) and last modifier on the Space cadet keyboard. The Super key is equivalent to or the ⌘ (command) key. Sun keyboards have a meta key ( ◆) as well. Its use is sometimes emulated with AltGr (on some international layouts) or the right Alt key on the others. The Meta key is not found on modern keyboards. Their function is sometimes emulated using other keys. They are specific to the Symbolics Space Cadet Keyboard used on Lisp machines back in the day. Meta, Super and Hyper are modifier keys that modify the key's function.
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